“Copperhead Road” by Steve Earle: A Song of Rebellion and Tradition

“Copperhead Road,” written and performed by Steve Earle, is a song that captures the rugged spirit and tumultuous history of the Appalachian region. Released in 1988 as the title track of Earle’s third studio album, “Copperhead Road” has become an anthem of rebellion and resilience, resonating deeply with listeners through its vivid storytelling and gritty sound.

The Song’s Narrative

The song unfolds in three distinct verses, each chronicling the life of a different member of the Pettimore family. The narrative spans three generations, painting a picture of a family caught in a cycle of illicit activities, reflective of the struggles and defiance that characterize much of Appalachian history.

1. First Generation: The song begins with the story of John Lee Pettimore, the protagonist’s grandfather, who was a moonshiner during Prohibition. Earle describes how John Lee ran illegal whiskey along Copperhead Road, a rural backroad notorious for its moonshine operations. The verse captures the danger and thrill of evading law enforcement, illustrating the lengths to which people went to survive during hard times.
2. Second Generation: The narrative then shifts to John Lee Pettimore’s son, who inherited the moonshining business. However, his life is cut short when federal agents discover and destroy his still, a fate not uncommon for many moonshiners during the crackdown on illegal distilleries.
3. Third Generation: The final verse tells the story of John Lee Pettimore III, a Vietnam War veteran. Returning home disillusioned and haunted by his experiences, he decides to grow marijuana in place of moonshine, continuing the family’s tradition of illicit activity. The song concludes with a sense of defiance, as the protagonist rigs his property with land mines to protect his new crop from the authorities.

The chorus, with its iconic line “You better stay away from Copperhead Road,” serves as a stark warning and a testament to the enduring legacy of rebellion and resistance in the Appalachian Mountains.

The Real Community Behind the Song

While “Copperhead Road” is a fictional story, it is deeply rooted in the real culture and history of the Appalachian region, particularly in parts of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. The song reflects the following aspects of this community:

1. Moonshining Heritage: Moonshining has a long history in Appalachia, dating back to the 18th century. The practice of distilling homemade liquor became widespread due to the isolation of the region and the economic necessity faced by its inhabitants. The rugged terrain and dense forests provided cover for these illegal operations, making moonshining a viable way of life for many families.
2. Prohibition and Federal Crackdowns: During Prohibition (1920-1933), moonshining flourished as legal alcohol production was banned. However, the subsequent crackdown by federal agents, known as “revenuers,” brought violence and tension to the region. The stories of moonshiners evading capture and sometimes facing fatal confrontations with law enforcement are a significant part of Appalachian folklore.
3. Vietnam War Impact: The Vietnam War had a profound impact on rural America, including the Appalachian region. Many young men from these communities were drafted and sent to fight in a distant, controversial conflict. Their return home was often fraught with difficulties, including reintegration into civilian life and coping with the psychological scars of war. The shift from moonshining to marijuana cultivation in the song symbolizes the changes and continuity in illegal enterprises as a means of survival.
4. Cultural Resilience: The Appalachian people are known for their resilience and independence. The song’s depiction of the Pettimore family’s determination to resist authority and continue their way of life, despite the risks, mirrors the real-life spirit of many Appalachian communities. This resilience is celebrated in the song and resonates with listeners who appreciate the strength and tenacity of these mountain folk.

Conclusion

“Copperhead Road” by Steve Earle is more than just a song; it is a powerful narrative that encapsulates the spirit of Appalachia. Through its vivid storytelling and raw, energetic sound, the song pays homage to the region’s history of moonshining, the impact of war, and the enduring resilience of its people. While the tale of the Pettimore family is fictional, it draws heavily on the real-life experiences and cultural heritage of the Appalachian community, making it a timeless anthem of rebellion and survival.